Which of the following is a sign of fluid overload in a dialysis patient?

• A. Cold intolerance
• B. Hypotension
• C. Bradycardia
• D. Hypertension

Answer: (D)

Fluid overload happens when there’s more fluid in the body than the cardiovascular system can manage. That excess fluid increases the volume the heart has to pump (preload) and can raise blood pressure, leading to hypertension. In dialysis patients, this rise in pressure is a common clue that the patient is retaining fluid between sessions, often accompanied by edema and shortness of breath as the lungs and heart contend with the extra volume.

Cold intolerance isn’t related to fluid volume status. Hypotension can occur if too much fluid is removed during dialysis or if the patient is dehydrated, which is the opposite situation. Bradycardia isn’t a typical marker of fluid overload and may point to other issues like medications or conduction problems. So hypertension best fits as a sign of excess fluid.