What are the typical signs of fluid overload?

• A. Headache and dizziness
• B. Hyperkalemia
• C. Edema and shortness of breath
• D. Hypertension

Answer: (C)

Fluid overload shows up when there’s too much fluid in the body, which raises pressures in the vessels and pushes fluid into tissues and into the lungs. The classic signs are edema—swelling in the legs, ankles, feet, or hands—and shortness of breath from fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema). Edema comes from increased hydrostatic pressure and fluid retention, while shortness of breath occurs because extra fluid makes it harder for the lungs to exchange oxygen.

Headache and dizziness aren’t specific to fluid overload; they’re more often related to blood pressure changes, medications, or other issues. Hyperkalemia is an electrolyte problem, not a fluid issue. Hypertension can occur with fluid overload, but edema and breathlessness are the most direct, typical indicators.